Carbon is one of the chemical elements. Along with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, carbon is a building block of biochemical molecules ranging from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to active substances such as hormones. All carbon atoms have a nucleus containing six protons. Ninety-nine percent of these also contain six neutrons. The 6 proton + 6 neutron atoms are said to have a mass of 12 and are referred to as 'carbon-12.' The nuclei of the remaining one percent of carbon atoms contain not six but either seven or eight neutrons in addition to the standard six protons. They have masses of 13 and 14 respectively and are referred to as 'carbon-13' and 'carbon-14.'
If two atoms have equal numbers of protons but differing numbers of neutrons, one is said to be an 'isotope' of the other. Carbon-13 and carbon-14 are thus isotopes of carbon-12. Isotopes participate in the same chemical reactions but often at differing rates. When isotopes are to be designated specifically, the chemical symbol is expanded to identify the mass (for example, 13C).
(Illustration by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
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- Radiocarbon Web-info
Web-info Radiocarbon from University of Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, New Zealand - A.E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory at the University of Ottowa
The Canadian Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at the University of Ottowa. - NOVA Interactive Radiocarbon
An interactive introduction to radiocarbon dating via AMS at NOSAMS. - How does Radiocarbon work?
Scientific American Editor Michael Moyer explains the process of radiocarbon dating.
Both 13C and 14C are present in nature. The former accounts for about 1% of all carbon. The abundance of 14C varies from 0.0000000001% (one part per trillion, a small, but measurable, level) down to zero. The highest abundances of 14C are found in atmospheric carbon dioxide and in products made from atmospheric carbon dioxide (for example, plants). Unlike 12C and 13C, 14C is not stable. As a result it is always undergoing natural radioactive decay while the abundances of the other isotopes are unchanged. Carbon-14 is most abundant in atmospheric carbon dioxide because it is constantly being produced by collisions between nitrogen atoms and cosmic rays at the upper limits of the atmosphere.
The rate at which 14C decays is absolutely constant. Given any set of 14C atoms, half of them will decay in 5700 years. Since this rate is slow relative to the movement of carbon through food chains (from plants to animals to bacteria) all carbon in biomass at earth's surface contains atmospheric levels of 14C. However, as soon as any carbon drops out of the cycle of biological processes - for example, through burial in mud or soil - the abundance of 14C begins to decline. After 5700 years only half remains. After another 5700 years only a quarter remains. This process, which continues until no 14C remains, is the basis of carbon dating.
A sample in which 14C is no longer detectable is said to be 'radiocarbon dead.' Fossil fuels provide a common example. They are derived from biomass that initially contained atmospheric levels of 14C. But the transformation of sedimentary organic debris into oil or woody plants into coal is so slow that even the youngest deposits are radiocarbon dead.
The abundance of 14C in an organic molecule thus provides information about the source of its carbon. If 14C is present at atmospheric levels, the molecule must derive from a recent plant product. The pathway from the plant to the molecule may have been indirect or lengthy, involving multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes. Levels of 14C are affected significantly only by the passage of time. If a molecule contains no detectable 14C it must derive from a petrochemical feedstock or from some other ancient source. Intermediate levels of 14C can represent either mixtures of modern and dead carbon or carbon that was fixed from the atmosphere less than 50,000 years ago.
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Signals of this kind are often used by chemists studying natural environments. A hydrocarbon found in beach sediments, for example, might derive from an oil spill or from waxes produced by plants. If isotopic analyses show that the hydrocarbon contains 14C at atmospheric levels, it's from a plant. If it contains no 14C, it's from an oil spill. If it contains some intermediate level, it's from a mixture of both sources.
Below you'll find recently added links.
Use the index on the left to browse through all available links.
https://fsco.freespirits.info/notice
- jumima.net
When a boy goes with a man ...
Positive accounts of boy/man relationships - the boy in art(Linked via a disclaimer)
- 3D Boys (Onion Site)(Linked via a disclaimer)
- Boylandonline (BLOL)
Boylandonline (BLOL) is an online forum for Boylovers who seek support, discussion,fellowship and happiness in life, away from society's wrongful persecution. - BoyPlanet.net
BoyPlanet.net is a fast, no-frills discussion forum built upon the legacy of BoyLover.net. No email required for registration. Free expression and fun welcome! - Lifeline
LifeLine is a real-time support chat for people who are attracted to children. Whether you're a boylover or a girllover, or someone who knows one, we're here to listen. - Nilo & Demetrius: Brothers in Classical Greece
by Bruce Stores
Nilo & Demetrius shares the tale of two disparate brothers as they face challenges, failures, and the emotional ups and downs of life in classical Greece. - Der große Kamerad (The Great Comrade) - Max Meier-Jobst
(german) Frederik ist dreizehn, als das zwei Jahre ältere Pflegekind Jonas in sein Leben kommt
(Frederik is thirteen when two years older foster child Jonas comes into his life.) - Bonustrack - Mein Leben mit Peter(German)
Boy and partly pedophilia related short stories, including a sequel to 'Die Sache mit Peter' - Imagine Magazine
Imagine Magazine is a celebration of youth and teen beauty. Home to many talented authors who are writing ongoing 'coming of age' stories of love and romance between teenage boys, as well as articles on boy models, actors, singers, dancers, as well as music and gaming. All for free! Updated on the 15th of every month! - The Kindle version of Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisonsby Carl Toms (aka Tom O'Carroll)
...included is a new Preface responding to the Leaving Neverland TV documentary....
Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons is the perfect follow-up to Leaving Neverland. - Le sexe incertain: La plus vaste enquête jamais réalisée sur la sexualité des adolescents (French)
- Christopher Convery
Christopher is an American actor known for The Girl in the Spider's Web, Gotham, The Blacklist Redemption and Haters back off. - Maxwell Jenkins
14 year old Chicagoan Maxwell Jenkins is currently starring as Will Robinson in Lost in Space. - Lain Armitage
Iain is an American child actor. He is best known for Young Sheldon, a prequel to the sitcom The Big Bang Theory - Gabriel Bateman
Gabriel plays the role of Wyatt McKenna on the show The Dangerous Book for Boys. - Parker Bates
Parker was born on March 1, 2007.
He plays the role of young Kevin on the series This Is Us. - Adam Mitchell
Adam Mitchell is known for Beauty and the Beast. He is currently playing Mike Teavee in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical in London's West End. - Disconnect (2012)
Coming of age movie with some great boys - Whole New Thing
teen boy lusts after older gay man... - Les Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois(French)
- La faute aux hormones(French)
- Unforgiven(Linked via a disclaimer)
- Two-part YouTube video (just over half hour each) in which Tom O'Carroll is interviewed by Australian musician, human rights activist and podcaster on MAP issues John Sydney McNair.
The John Sydney McNair Show - Tom O'Carroll Part 1
The John Sydney McNair Show - Tom O'Carroll Part 2 - MAPs irl Podcast
Discussion of a variety of MAP-related subjects with various other MAPs on as guests. - Childhood 'Innocence' is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex
Tom O'Carroll, author of Paedophilia: The Radical Case and Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons, tackles philosopher Roger Scruton's conservative stance on sexual ethics head-on. He draws on science's growing understanding of our evolved nature to sketch a vision of the future in which humanity's proven potential for cooperation and peace is allowed to flourish in a context of gentler childhoods, with a significant role for playful intimacy. Predictably anathematised in the religious and alt-right media, this essay has nevertheless already won many thousands of readers.
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